[magazine kave=Park Sunam mai rahoto] A shekarar 2025, Koriya ta Kudu tana cikin wani yanayi na ci gaba a fannin al'adu. K-POP ba kawai kiɗan Asiya ba ne, amma ya zama babbar masana'anta da ke barazana ga kasuwar pop na Turai da Amurka. Kungiyoyin da suka biyo bayan BTS da Blackpink suna ci gaba da samun nasara, yayin da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Koriya da K-Beauty ke kara karfi a cikin 'K-Invasion' wanda ya zarce 'British Invasion' na Beatles a shekarun 1960. Bayanai daga Hukumar Kididdiga da Hukumar Kwastam suna nuna ci gaba a fitar da kaya, kuma gwamnati tana yabawa da kiran wannan nasara a matsayin 'nasarar soft power'.
Amma a bayan wannan nasara mai ban sha'awa akwai wani 'gaskiya mai daci' da ba kowa ke lura da shi ba, ko kuma ana kokarin kauce masa. Yayin da nasara ke girma, haka ma inuwar ta ke kara tsawo. Bayan an kashe fitilun sahu, yanayin kudin da ke tallafawa masana'antar nishadi ya dade yana fama da matsaloli. Muna ganin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki inda wata babbar masana'anta mai samar da zinariya, wato K-POP, ke mutuwa kafin a yanka ta. Alamun wannan rugujewar ba daga cikin karyar taurari ko zargin satar kiɗa suka fito ba, amma daga cikin 'rarraba' da 'lissafi'.
A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2025, Kotun Warkarwa ta Seoul ta yanke hukuncin karshe na tashin Interpark Commerce. Wannan ba kawai rufe wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki na yanar gizo ba ne. Wannan rugujewar alamar 'Interpark' da ta fara rubuta tarihin kasuwancin lantarki na Koriya tun karshen shekarun 1990, da kuma rugujewar babbar hanyar rarraba da ke tallafawa kasuwar K-POP na gaske. Sunan da ya saba wa masoya kasashen waje wajen sayen tikitin kide-kide da sayen kundin waƙoƙi yanzu ya zama tarihi tare da barin dubban masu bin bashi da biliyoyin won na kudin da ba a biya ba.
Masu karatu na kasashen waje da masoya K-POP da yawa za su yi mamaki. "Shin Interpark ba ya sayar da tikiti ba?" "Shin ba a sayar da tikitin kide-kide na Seventeen na shekara mai zuwa a Interpark ba?" Wannan rikice-rikicen yana nuna yadda wannan al'amari yake da rikitarwa da yaudara. Muna rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki inda 'Interpark biyu' ke wanzuwa. Interpark da ke sayar da sahu (Interpark Triple) ya tsira, amma Interpark da ke sayar da kundin waƙoƙi (Interpark Commerce) ya mutu.
Muna son bincika dangantakar siyasa da tattalin arziki (Polyconomy) da ke bayan wannan labarin tashin kamfani. Muna son gano yadda babban dandamali na Qoo10 ya bi hanyar shiga kasuwar NASDAQ da ya karya masana'antar K-POP, da kuma yadda al'adar 'Miloneogi' ta hadu da matsalar kudi da ta jefa kananan kamfanoni cikin tsoron rugujewa. Wannan shi ne mafi zurfin tarihin da ke bayan raye-raye da waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa, game da jari, kwaɗayi, da rugujewa.
Don fahimtar wannan babbar rugujewar, dole ne mu fara bin diddigin tarihin Qoo10 Group da shugabanta, Gu Young-bae. Gu Young-bae mutum ne mai tasiri a tarihin kasuwancin lantarki na Koriya. Ya fara Gmarket a matsayin wani kamfani na cikin gida na Interpark, ya girma shi zuwa kasuwar bude ta farko a Koriya, sannan ya sayar da shi ga eBay na Amurka a 2009, yana rubuta tarihin 'Amazon na Koriya'. Saboda sharadin 'haramcin gasa a Koriya' da aka sanya a lokacin sayarwa, ya koma Singapore inda ya kafa Qoo10, yana neman sake farfadowa a kasuwar kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Matsalar ita ce burinsa ba kawai a gudanar da kasuwancin lantarki ba ne. Burinsa na karshe shi ne sanya kamfanin 'Qxpress' na Qoo10 a kasuwar NASDAQ ta Amurka. Sanya a NASDAQ shi ne mafi girman dandamali don kara darajar kamfani, amma don cimma wannan, ya zama dole a kara girman kamfani sosai. Don samun matsayi mai kyau a cikin tantancewar sanya, mafi mahimmancin alama ita ce adadin ciniki (GMV) da yawan kaya. Gu Young-bae ya fara wani guguwa na 'M&A (saya da hadewa)' don kara yawan adadin cikin gaggawa.
Manufar sake shiga kasuwar Koriya ta Qoo10 da ta fara a 2022 ta kasance mai tsanani sosai. Sun sayi TMON, WeMakePrice, da Interpark Commerce a farashi mai rahusa ko ta hanyar musayar hannun jari. A bayyane, wannan ya zama kamar dawowar Qoo10 Empire. An haifi wani babban dino na matsayi na hudu a cikin masana'antar.
Amma asalin kudin sayen ya kasance matsala. Qoo10 ya yi amfani da 'bakin kwarya' don kara girman kamfani. Saboda rashin isasshen kudi, Qoo10 ya yi amfani da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki na kamfanonin da aka saya don sayen wasu kamfanoni ko amfani da su a matsayin kudin gudanarwa, yana samar da tsarin 'Ponzi' na kusan amfani da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki. Sun yi amfani da kudin da aka samu daga TMON don rufe asarar WeMakePrice, sannan sun yi amfani da kudin WeMakePrice don biyan kudin kayayyakin Interpark Commerce.
Wannan tsarin mai hadari ya rushe a watan Yuli na 2024 lokacin da TMON da WeMakePrice suka kasa biyan kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki ga masu sayarwa (al'amarin TMON). An samu kudin da ba a biya ba fiye da biliyan 1.2, wanda ya zama mafi munin hatsarin kudi a tarihin masana'antar rarraba ta Koriya. Kuma wannan girgizar ta kai ga wani kamfani na cikin rukuni, Interpark Commerce.
Interpark Commerce yana da wani tsarin biyan kudi daban da TMON ko WeMakePrice. Yayin da sauran kamfanonin ke biyan kudi a kowane wata, Interpark Commerce yana amfani da tsarin biyan kudi na mako-mako. A farkon, an yi tsammanin zai samu karancin asara. Amma amincewar kasuwa ta kasance mai tsauri. Lokacin da aka gano rashin kudi na Qoo10 Group, kamfanonin biyan kudi da kamfanonin katin kudi sun dakatar da biyan kudi ga Interpark Commerce. Lokacin da jini ya tsaya, zuciya ta tsaya nan take.
A watan Agusta na 2024, Interpark Commerce ya nemi kotu don samun warkarwa. Bayan shekara guda da watanni hudu na shari'a da kokarin sayarwa, babu wani 'mai ceto' da ya bayyana don sayen kamfanin da ya riga ya rasa darajar alama kuma bashin ya zarce kadarorin. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2025, hukuncin tashin kotu ya kasance wani bala'i da aka riga aka hango. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa "darajar rarrabawa ta fi darajar ci gaba". Wannan hukuncin ya rushe wani babban ginshiki da ke tallafawa kasuwar rarraba kundin waƙoƙin K-POP.
Masoya K-POP na kasashen waje sun fi rikicewa a wannan batu. "An ce Interpark ya rushe, amma me yasa har yanzu zan iya sayen tikitin kide-kide a Interpark?" Don warware wannan asiri, dole ne mu koma shekarar 2021.
A lokacin, kamfanin unicorn na dandamali na nishadi, Yanolja, ya sayi kashi 70% na hannun jarin Interpark a kimanin biliyan 3. Burin Yanolja ya kasance bayyananne. Sun so su mamaye kasuwar tikitin kide-kide da bukatar tafiye-tafiye da za ta karu bayan annobar COVID-19. Wato, abin da Yanolja ke so shi ne sashen 'tikitin' da 'tafiye-tafiye'. Amma sashen 'siyayya' da 'littattafai (ciki har da kundin waƙoƙi)' da ke fama da asara ya zama wani nauyi.
Saboda haka, Yanolja ta yi wani aiki na raba Interpark cikin tsari.
Interpark Triple: Kamfanin da Yanolja ke mallaka da gudanarwa kai tsaye. Yana kula da sashen tafiye-tafiye (jirgin sama/masauki) da tikitin (kide-kide/nuni). Sun kasance gaba daya rabu da al'amarin Qoo10 kuma har yanzu suna riƙe da matsayi na farko a masana'antar.
Interpark Commerce: An raba sashen sayayya da littattafai/kundin waƙoƙi don samar da wani kamfani daban. A watan Afrilu na 2023, Yanolja ta sayar da wannan nauyin ga Qoo10 gaba daya.
Matsalar ita ce karfin alamar 'Interpark' ya kasance mai karfi sosai. Lokacin da Qoo10 ya sayi Interpark Commerce, sun sami damar amfani da sunan 'Interpark' na wani lokaci. A idanun masu amfani, kawai suna canza menu a cikin shafin 'Interpark' daya, amma a zahiri suna tafiya tsakanin tsarin kwamfuta na kamfanoni biyu daban.
Tikitin yana zuwa cikin ajiyar Yanolja, yayin da kundin waƙoƙi ke zuwa cikin ajiyar Qoo10. Lokacin da al'amarin Qoo10 ya faru a 2024, Yanolja ta yi gaggawar bayyana cewa "Interpark Triple da Interpark Commerce kamfanoni ne daban" kuma ta sanar da Qoo10 game da soke yarjejeniyar amfani da alama. Har ma Interpark Commerce ta yi kokarin sake suna zuwa 'Byzle' don tsira, amma wannan ya zama kamar fenti ne a kan jirgin da ke nutsewa.
Wannan rarrabuwar kamfani mai rikitarwa ta jefa masu amfani, musamman masoya K-POP, cikin matsala. Idan wani masoyi ya sayi tikitin kide-kide na Seventeen a Interpark Ticket (Triple) kuma ya sayi kundin waƙoƙi a Interpark Book (Commerce) don shiga gasar sa hannu, tikitin kide-kide zai isa lafiya kuma kide-kiden zai gudana ba tare da matsala ba. Amma kundin waƙoƙin ba zai zo ba. Lokacin da aka danna maballin binciken jigilar kaya, sai kawai ya nuna "babu bayanan oda". Cibiyar abokan ciniki ba ta amsa kiran waya, kuma tsarin ya ki amincewa da bukatar dawo da kudi saboda kuskuren tsarin. Masoya suna fushi, amma ba su san wanda za su yi korafi ba. A cikin al'ummomin masoya na kasashen waje kamar Reddit da Twitter, an ci gaba da yin korafi a duk shekara ta 2025 cewa "kundin waƙoƙin da aka yi oda daga Interpark Global ba su zo ba tsawon watanni shida", "kudina ya bace". Wannan ba kawai jinkirin jigilar kaya ba ne, amma al'amarin ya zama 'bacewar' saboda Qoo10 Group ya yi amfani da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki don biyan bashi, ba tare da kudin sayen kayayyakin ba.
Tashin Interpark Commerce ba kawai matsalar rashin sayar da kundin waƙoƙi ba ne, amma yana girgiza dukkan masana'antar K-POP saboda tsarin rarraba mai rikitarwa da ake kira 'Miloneogi'. Wannan al'adar ta zama gama gari tun farkon shekarun 2020 lokacin da gasar rikodin farkon mako (first week sales) ta yi tsanani.
[Yadda Miloneogi ke aiki]
Babban oda na farko (Pre-order Bulk): Kamfanin shirya waƙoƙi yana neman ko ya amince da kamfanin rarraba (kamar Interpark Commerce) don yin babban oda na kundin waƙoƙi don kara rikodin farkon mako.
Shirya taron: Kamfanin rarraba yana shirya taron sa hannu, taron kiran bidiyo (video call fan sign) da sauransu don sayar da wannan babban adadin kaya. Masoya suna sayen kundin waƙoƙi da yawa don kara damar samun nasara.
Jinkirin biyan kudi: Kamfanin rarraba yana karɓar kudi daga masoya nan take, amma yana biyan kamfanin shirya waƙoƙi bisa tsarin biyan kudi da aka amince da shi.
Wannan tsarin yana aiki ne kawai lokacin da akwai 'amincewa' da 'kudaden shiga' mai kyau. Kamfanin shirya waƙoƙi yana kashe kudi wajen samar da kundin waƙoƙi da tallace-tallace, yayin da kudin dawowa yana hannun kamfanin rarraba. Amma Interpark Commerce ya rushe. Kudaden da masoya suka biya sun bace a cikin bashi na Qoo10, kuma kudin da kamfanin shirya waƙoƙi ya kamata ya samu ya bace.
Kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi masu girma kamar HYBE, SM, da JYP suna da hanyoyin rarraba nasu (Weverse Shop, JYP Shop) ko kuma suna da isasshen kudi don jure asara. Matsalar ita ce kananan kamfanoni. Suna dogara da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kundin waƙoƙi don biyan kudin samar da kundin waƙoƙi, daukar bidiyon waƙoƙi, da horar da masu koyon waƙoƙi. Al'adar bayar da 'kudin gaba (Advance Payment)' ko kuma kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kundin waƙoƙi don biyan kudin samarwa ta zama sirrin masana'antar.
Ga kananan kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi da ke da kudin da ba a biya ba daga Interpark Commerce wanda ya kai miliyoyin won, wannan tashin ya zama kamar hukuncin kisa. Ko kamfanoni masu matsakaicin girma kamar Fantagio suna fama da matsalar biyan haraji da biyan bashi, yayin da kananan kamfanoni ke rufe ba tare da hayaniya ba. Kamar yadda aka ce a cikin labarin Park Sunam, "kasar da nasara ke zama laifi", kamfanonin da suka sayar da kundin waƙoƙi da yawa don samun rikodin farkon mako sun fi fama da asara saboda sun fi da yawa kudin da aka makale a Interpark Commerce.
Masu karatu ba su kamata su rikita 'saya da boye (Sajaegi)' da 'Miloneogi' ba.
Sajaegi: Kamfanin shirya waƙoƙi yana sayen kundin waƙoƙi da kudinsa don yin magudi a cikin jadawalin, wanda ya saba doka.
Miloneogi (Dake amfani da kudin gaba): Kamfanin rarraba yana daukar kaya da yawa kuma yana sayar da su ga masoya ta hanyar taron sa hannu da sauransu. Yana cikin yankin launin toka a doka, amma ana sukar shi a matsayin wata hanya mai tsanani da ke matsa wa masoya.
Wannan al'amari ba ya da alaka da saya da boye ba, amma yana da alaka da al'adar Miloneogi da ta hadu da rashin kudi na kamfanin rarraba, wanda ya haifar da 'hatsarin kudi'. Kamfanin rarraba ya yi amfani da kudin masoya a matsayin 'kudin shiga na gaba', kuma lokacin da kumfa ya fashe, sai dai bashi ya rage.
A shekarar 2023, sayar da kundin waƙoƙin K-POP ya kai miliyan 100 a karon farko, yana kai kololuwa. Amma a cikin shekara guda, a 2024, kasuwar ta yi sanyi. Bayanai daga Circle Chart sun nuna cewa sayar da kundin waƙoƙi a 2024 ya ragu da kashi 19.5% zuwa miliyan 92.7, wanda ya zama karon farko da aka samu koma baya tun 2014.
Wannan raguwar ta ci gaba a 2025. Bayanai daga Hukumar Kwastam sun nuna cewa fitar da kundin waƙoƙi a 2024 ya karu da kashi 0.55% kawai, wanda ya nuna cewa ci gaban ya tsaya, yayin da fitar da kaya zuwa kasuwar mafi girma, Japan, ya ragu da kashi 24.7%. Masana suna ganin wannan a matsayin 'gajiya na masoya (Fandom Fatigue)' da 'gyaran kasuwa (Market Correction)', amma wannan ba kawai gajiya ba ce, amma 'rugujewar kudi na rarraba (Credit Crunch)' da ya haifar da ragewa.
Masana'antar abun ciki na Koriya tana da matsalar 'dilema na kamfanin da ke bayar da aiki'. Kamar yadda Netflix ke daukar mafi yawan IP (haƙƙin mallaka) da kudin shiga daga 〈Squid Game〉, haka ma K-POP yana dogara da lafiyar dandamali na rarraba (kamar Interpark, Yes24, Aladin) don sayar da kundin waƙoƙi. Tashin Interpark Commerce ya sa kasuwa ta daina samun kudi. Kamfanonin rarraba suna fama da matsalar kudi, suna rage ko dakatar da bayar da kudin gaba ga kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi, kuma sun rasa ikon sayar da kayan Miloneogi. "Lokacin da kudin ya kare, ba za a iya samar da kundin waƙoƙi ba".
Wannan yana kama da 'rarrabuwar kai' a kasuwar gidaje. Babban kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi suna samun hanyoyin rarraba kai tsaye (D2C) da haɗin gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje, amma kananan kamfanoni da ke dogara da kasuwar cikin gida suna rushewa. A 2025, muna ganin yadda kasuwar K-POP ke rarrabuwa zuwa manyan IP da kananan kamfanoni.
Babban wanda ya fi jin zafin tashin Interpark Commerce shi ne kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi a fannin kudi, amma masoya K-POP na duniya ne suka fi jin zafin a fannin tunani. Musamman ga masoya na kasashen waje, 'saya kai tsaye' yana da wahala da rashin tabbas, kuma wannan al'amari ya tabbatar da wannan rashin tabbas. A cikin al'ummomin kamar Reddit, an fara amfani da kalmar "oda ta zama fatalwa (Ghost Order)". Kudaden sun fita amma bayanan oda sun bace, kuma babu inda za a yi tambaya. Wannan ba kawai rashin jin dadi ba ne, amma yana haifar da 'rashin amincewa da Koriya (Korea Discount)'. Lokacin da masoya na kasashen waje suka fara ganin sayen kai tsaye daga shafukan Koriya a matsayin hadari, suna komawa ga Amazon ko masu sayarwa na gida, wanda ke rage ribar kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi na Koriya.
Matsalar Qoo10 Group ta haifar da matsalar a kamfanin 'Qxpress' na rarraba kaya. Kayayyakin da aka aika ta Interpark Commerce zuwa kasashen waje sun makale a tashar jiragen ruwa da ma'ajiyar kaya saboda matsalar gudanarwa ta Qxpress. Wani masoyi na Japan ya ce "Na yi oda na kayan Seventeen Caratland a 2025, amma har bayan watanni shida bayan taron, ban karɓi kayan ba". Matsalar rarraba kaya tana lalata kwarewar masoya. Sayen kundin waƙoƙi ba kawai saye ba ne, amma wani al'ada ne na goyon bayan mawaki, amma wannan al'adar ta lalace saboda yaudara da jinkirin jigilar kaya, wanda ke kara saurin ficewar masoya.
Tsarin tashin Interpark Commerce zai ci gaba da karɓar rahoton bashi har zuwa Fabrairu na 2026, sannan a gudanar da bincike a watan Maris. Amma a gaskiya, damar da masu bashi (kamfanonin shirya waƙoƙi da masu amfani) za su samu kudinsu ya yi kadan. Kadarorin kamfanin dandamali yawanci ba su da nauyi, kuma darajar alama ta riga ta kai sifili.
Abin da ake bukata yanzu shi ne gyara mai zurfi ba maganin bayan lokaci ba. Dokokin 'Ci gaban Masana'antar Al'adu da Kere-kere' da 'Inganta Masana'antar Kiɗa' suna da tanadin hukunci ga saya da boye, amma babu wani tsari na tsaro na kudi don hana amfani da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki a matsayin kudin gudanarwa. Dole ne a kara karfin 'Escrow' don hana kamfanonin kasuwancin lantarki amfani da kudin da aka samu daga sayar da kayayyaki a matsayin kudin gudanarwa, kuma a kafa dokar daidaita lokacin biyan kudi don hana 'Mudge Point' na biyu da 'Qoo10' na biyu.
Rugujewar Interpark Commerce yana nuna yadda jari mai kwaɗayi zai iya lalata masana'antar al'adu. Mafarkin Gu Young-bae na sanya a NASDAQ ya kasance wani gini na yashi da aka gina a kan hawaye na kananan kamfanoni da mawaka. Amma matsala na iya zama dama. Wannan al'amari ya kamata ya zama wani lokaci na canji ga masana'antar K-POP don kauce wa dogaro da 'Miloneogi'. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan sayar da miliyan 100, ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan samar da tsarin rarraba mai gaskiya da al'adar masoya mai lafiya don ci gaba da 'K-Invasion' a dogon lokaci.
Kasa da nasara ba ta zama laifi, kasa da hawaye na mawaki ba su zama biyan bashi na dandamali. Wannan shi ne abin da ya kamata mu nufa a matsayin 'ma'aunin duniya na K-POP'.
